Contrast Moralist and Causalist approaches to the Ethics of Torture Essay Example

Contrast Moralist and Causalist approaches to the Ethics of Torture Paper Torture can be traditionally defined as the imposition of physical suffering upon others through violence, for various reasons usually pertaining to the extraction of information or confession of guilt, but possibly simply for the pleasure of being cruel1 Torture is more commonly known and used as a tool of power2. Torture in most cultures is prohibited as no human deserves the pain and punishment associated; each philosophy though as a different analysis of torture and to what extent torture can be used. A brief history of torture is found that primitive man used to follow instincts and killed his enemy, but archaeologists have found no evidence of torture1, man survived for thousands of years without inflicting torture, only in the last few thousands of years it has become a weapon of state. So why did we start using torture and when are we going to stop? Moralism is the philosophy of adherence to morality, it stresses the importance of the value of an act resides in the act itself. Moralists rather frame terms and actions with a universal humanist ethic3. A Moralist is also known as a Kantian; Kantianism originated from a German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Causalist theories are defined as focusing not on the act but the consequences, also the belief that the value of a thing depends on its utility; greatest number3, which is also known as Utilitarianism. Both Moralist and Causalist theories hold importance of ethics in torture. The moralist approach of ethics argues that torture it self is evil, while the causalist theory shows that the consequences of the act is where the concern lies. We will write a custom essay sample on Contrast Moralist and Causalist approaches to the Ethics of Torture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Contrast Moralist and Causalist approaches to the Ethics of Torture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Contrast Moralist and Causalist approaches to the Ethics of Torture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Why is torture wrong? Moralists would debate that its the denial of a non-figurative primary right to dignity which they seek to up hold as the centre point in this matter and not the pain and agony the victims were subject too4, Causalism sees things differently as its the suffering and aches of the victims and their families that make the torment of torture wrong, not so much the denial of an abstract fundamental entitlement to dignity but the actual physical and emotional pain that the sufferer was inflicted with. Moralism and Causalism contrast each others ethics through their interpretation of torture, both theories give valid points to justify their responses to why torture is wrong. Is torture universally wrong? Torture is not permitted and is clearly stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and punishment. This clearly displays that torture is unsuitable for anyone anywhere and still to this day it is happening in so many places. From a moralist view torture is always prohibited regardless the reason, as in true Kantian style ends must never justify means4. Therefore torture or harsh punishment is proscribed as a moralist, in comparison Causalism proposes that it is POSSIBLE for situations in which torture as a last resort may be inflicted and a necessity to serve justice or for informational reasons. Both Moralist and Causalist theories display sound evidence to the ethical question of torture being universally wrong. The last question relates to the nature and temperament of the torturer. A causalist may say that the torturer is a malevolent person but may also add that a persons character is distinct and responsible as much by omission (observer in charge) as by the torturer or actor. An omission to perform an act, even one as evil as torture, might be as wrong as committing the act itself if the consequences of a failure to carry out the torture result in greater harm to others5, however a rudimentary moralist would dismiss that the torturer would have to be intrinsically evil to commit some horrific and devastating acts. Therefore these two responses to the question are both correct in that both theories hold valid evidence to support their ethics. Moralistic and Causalistic views on the ethics of torture are slightly similar but different however they both hold importance in the ethical issue of torture. The Causalist shows us that there are circumstances where torture as a last resort maybe used but overall they are completely against these immoral acts of punishment. A Moralistic view determines that under NO circumstances can torture be administered onto another human being, it is inhuman and isnt even considered an option. Now understanding more about the Moralistic and Causalist theories, can the use of torture ever be justified?

LG Operation Strategy Final Report Essay Example

LG Operation Strategy Final Report Essay Example LG Operation Strategy Final Report Paper LG Operation Strategy Final Report Paper Domestic competition led them to restructure their operations in early ass, merging the two major business heads under a new name -? LEG Electronics. In 2006, they launched the now popular Blue Ocean Strategy to become one of the top 3 in the mobile handset market. However, heir strategic alliance with Microsoft did not give the dividends they expected. In other Segments Of the consumer electronics industry, they stand in the top 4 globally. Lags consistent revenue patterns can be attributed to their operational strategy, by means of which they have been able to keep costs down. In 2010 LEG entered the smartened industry. Following is a division wise breakup and the financial performance of the smartened division of LEG. Fig. 1 Division wise breakup Fig. 2 Financial Performance of smartened division of LEG Group 4 Final report for Proof. Kimono Kim Cassia MBA page 12 SOOT Analysis Strength Most of all, LEG Electronics has as many global network in sales and manufactures as Samsung Electronics. Its brand awareness can stand even with Samsung Electronics. For research and development, LEG Electronics maintains one of the most advanced technologies in smartened and home appliance. Its smartened and home appliance can compete against Samsung Electronics. Namely, strength in technology stems from robust research and development activity. 2. Weakness Due to huge spending in marketing promotion, its profits can plummets significantly in case sales amount is not sufficient. More importantly, because f inappropriate management philosophy towards smartened industry consulted by McKinney LEG Electronics has small shares in global smartened market. And we can speculate that inappropriate management direction had been caused by high turnover in management. 3. Opportunity Increasing demand of high technology products, being lowered entry barriers to new regions, PTA, and fast growth of emerging economies are a critical chance for LEG Electronics to thrive in the future. But, those opportunities can be applied to other competitors, too. . Threat Severe competitions for new technology will be one of biggest burden to LEG Electronics in smartened and home appliance. For examples, during a few years, we cannot find innovative advances in smartened. On top of that, LEG Electronics should catch up two giant players: Apple and Samsung as soon as possible in smartened industry. If LEG Electronics cannot overtake them in a few years, its future might be eve similar to Sony. In addition, LEG Electronics needs to consider Chinas chase, for example Axiom. With cheaper price, Chinese competitors are pushing LEG Electronics in order to make LEG Electronics a loser in smartened industry. Cassia MBA Page 13 Evolution of Supply Chain from Mobile phone to Smart phone For studying the past changes in operational strategy of LEG we chose one of the factories in the Shagging province of China and compared the change of operation strategy from the days of mobile phone to smart phones. LEG, in 2001-2003, built two mobile phone factories in Shagging, the coastal province of China. 90% of its products were for export. The mobile phone factories in China could accomplish the end-toned process of mobile phone production, with the following process: Fig. 3 Pre smartened operational flow LEG used the most cost-efficient way to purchase the components. For high alee-added components like chips LEG imported from Korea and other countries; for the general components like shell or battery LEG purchased from Chinas local providers and for the packaging materials like box or cover, LEG purchased from nearby suppliers. But due to multiple supplier sources the problem of LEG was delivery of material; the too long time became the bottleneck of the whole process. Therefore, ensuring the delivery in time became a key challenge. Aiming to improve the process of the factories in China, LEG conducted the revolution in 3 aspects: Cancel Utilize HUB to delete the unnecessary logistic nodes and decrease frequency Of logistic. Change Change the processes during the supply chain and reinforce the shortage nodes. Collaborate Combine the storage with the management, focus on core processes and outsource the unprofessional processes. Page | 4 The diagram below shows the detailed change of the supply model of Lags factory in China Fig. Post smartened operational flow After the revolution, because of the hub, Lags whole lead time of the process before the manufacturing time decreased from 40 hours to about 20 hours, the efficiency sharply improved. Understanding SCM and ERP in LEG 1. Supply Chain Management The ultimate aim of Supply Chain Management is to provide higher quality consumer service and in the mean while cutting down the inventory cost and uni t cost. Supply Chain includes Buying the products, Movements of raw materials, Organizing manufacturing, Supplier management. Then the small change in customer demand it leads to bigger change in manufacturing unit this is called bullwhip effect. Symptoms of bullwhip effects are excessive stock of raw materials. Poor commodities forecast, insufficient or excessive capacity utilization and poor services to customer. These are the effect sand symptoms. SCM in LEG had been started in late ass. The SCM in LEG needs various manual certifications in each stage of operation. The SCM is implemented and then training is given to top management first and then training is provided to the internal staffs and also for its partners like vendors and suppliers. After that the company found to operate a smooth supply chain in raw material stage, work in process and finished good stage LEG is one of the players in the competitive electronic market and there are lots of good companies in the market and LEG has competitive advantage in supply chain management. It has competitive advantage in cost control because heir inventory cost is very less. Their inventory cost is less because they are placing fewer orders in order to reduce the cost of manufacturing. LEG avoids the cause of bullwhip effect by accurate demand forecasting, operating short Final report for proof. Kimono Kim page | 5 lead time, segmenting product line, reducing price fluctuation to local market. LEG has increased their productivity by 10 % with the use global Supply Chain Management and company checks the current status of product shipment and company has lots of options to reduce the inventory cost with the help of Supply Chain Management. A Company maintains Elasticity and Malleability to match their supply and demand for their products. Company still takes more initiatives to reduce the cost of manufacturing; inventory costs with the help of Global supply Chain Management. In LEG management gives more importance to Supply Chain department, in every unit company has one supply chain manager and he or she is the full responsible of that unit supply chain. In their company website they announced that company has reduced 1. 8 % manufacturing cost with the help of effective supply chain; hence company has effective supply chain and company has competitive advantages in their filed and company stands number one position in the market with the help of proper Supply Chain Management. Company forecasts very well and avoids the bullwhip effect in supply chain. LEG does regular market research for Bullwhip effect and company uses the resource properly and wisely. Company believes in partnerships for better supply chain process and company has chosen proper inventory control method to avoid excessive production cost. Hence it can be said that in reducing production cost and improving productivity Supply Chain Management plays vital role. If very organization use Supply chain Management they can also reduce the manufacturing cost. . Enterprise Resource Planning ERP is business term for the wide set of actions supported by multi module application that helps the organization to manage various functions and manage with a particular software and stored data with the help of memory. Various functions like purchasing, order placing, supplier details, customer details, guest details in hotels and operations. ERP also includes application modules like human resource manageme nt and financial. Typically ERR system integrates with a relational database system. ERP is a consistent platform it guarantees that there is no inconsistency in the information that is processed in the organization. ERP is essential for every firm in the world to get competitive advantage and it is necessary to train the people to use the ERR. The most important advantage of Enterprise Resource Planning is its accounting applications. ERP can integrate revenue information, profit analysis and cost of manufacturing and other financial. If a company wants to compete with global players, company should start implementing ERP. With use of ERP any organizations can get reduce the cost and lots of time will e saved. ERP in LEG Enterprise Resource Planning of LEG gives clear idea about their operational strategy. Currently company uses ORACLE ERP, they using this new ERP on August 2009. In LEG every year company spends $ 4 billion for their ERR implementation and giving training for their workers. They implemented ERP when they want to cut reporting and analysis period, improve performance, and reduce maintenance costs and to achieve complete visibility into global stock and marketing and sales costs. After implementing ERP their company moved to third place in Plasma TV market, and they positioned at 5th place in cell phone segment. Company maintains their all information in ERP. They are updating each and every outgoing and incoming raw material and finished goods unfinished goods. Company sends message to every department with the uses of ERR and company Chief IT Manager Mr.. Wang said that by using ERP company reduced their order placing times and order processing time and he added that now company are able to process their Order without errors. Since LEG is an electronic Group 4 Page 16 company they started using ERP before 8 years now company enjoys the benefits of Enterprise Resource Planning. Company delivers the product in mime they started using ERP because it gives clear cut information all supplies and finished products. With the use of ERP company utilizes their supply chain management and customer relationship management very well. Hence it is said that Enterprise Resource Planning helps company to save the time and to minimize the errors henceforth it leads to improve the performance Of organization and increases the profit of the organization. Challenges and Recommendations 1. Inability to find good partners LEG has traditionally failed to find good partners in both its upstream and downstream supply chain. One of the major reasons for its position in the smartened market is its initial collaboration with Microsoft Mobile SO. As the Windows Mobile SO tanked it took LEG with it. And LEG lost important first mover advantage. Similar is the story of its collaboration with Maxilla in 2012. Recommendation It is imperative that LEG chooses its SCM partners carefully. An example for the same is their collaboration with Google which resulted in Nexus. At kick units a month, it remains Elses highest selling smartened. 2. Timing of product release Samsung simultaneously launches products in arioso price ranges. Then they pour their products out in 150 countries worldwide through a tight and well-established supply chain. On the other hand, LEG held a large-scale promotional event for GO in New York in early August, but began selling the product only in mid September. LEG began selling GO in Europe only after October. Meanwhile, Apple released its phone AS on September 10 and began selling the new phones simultaneously in 9 countries beginning on September 20, and Samsung also began putting its Galaxy Note 3 in shops in October. Similarly, LEG started manufacturing smart ear 6 years after Samsung did. Recommendation -? Timing is everything. In the demand and fashion intensive market of smartness losing out the time race is losing the initiative and market competitiveness. 3. Growing inventory costs As Elses smartened innovations are few and erratic, this leads to huge inventory buildup and times and stock shortage at the others. A more stable market demand will help them stabilize their operations. Recommendation LEG should continue its move towards Lean Operating. Lean operating systems have four basic principles: (1) elimination of waste ND (2) reduced cost- see LEG and Inventory Management -? now more KIT and demand led, avoid stock piling costs from supply led strategies Group 4 Page | 7 (opportunity costs, waste, dated), the ideas board (cost reduction improvements savings KICK USED/month) and staff cost cutting (stop overtime); (3) Improved quality the ideas board (quality improvements) and (4) increased speed and response. . Stuck in the middle LEG lacks differentiation. Its not in the premium segment like Apple and Samsung, nor is it in the low cost segment like MicroVAX or Leno. Recommendation Should they go the Axiom way and mind a niche in hardware or go the Google way and develop a niche in software. Can they be the next big thing in smartened evolution? Can flex screens be the next thing in smartened? These are the questions LEG needs to evaluate. 5. Growing competition in the sub premium range There is a slew of low cost Memos around the globe. The competition has intensified with Telecoms providers also getting in the race of MOM. Recommendation The thing to do is to hang in there.

Information Security Risk Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Security Risk Management - Case Study Example Organization face internal as well as external actor, which create uncertainty for organizations in achieving the objectives. Hall (2010) called that the risk management was a hybrid function that had bridged the number of disciplines to reduce or avoid loss for organizations. Proactive activities are attempted to mitigate or prevent loss in the organizations. Tavakkoli-Moghaddam et al., (2011) used the compromise ranking (VIKOR) and fuzzy entropy techniques in engineering, procurement and construction projects. Separate techniques for risk identification and risk prioritization are used. Qualitative assessment helps the management to prioritize the risks identified by calculating their impacts and impacts. Except these techniques, Monte Carlo method is most significantly used for risk identification. This method is based on probability and their impacts. Monte Carlo method shows the correlation between the identified variables for a project. Identification of vulnerabilities and threats through risk assessment helps in determining the impacts of each risk. However, risk assessment becomes a complex undertaking when imperfect information is provided. Value assignment to information system business processes including the costs, recovery and their impacts can be measured in indirect and direct costs. Exposure of sensitive information about a specific business area of the organization has wide consequences and impacts the reputation or regard of the organization. Attacker can falsify the information, which is important for future decisions. Both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment technique can be used (Carroll, 2009). Risk identification requires the risk treatment. Risk treatment is a range of options used for risk evaluation and plan preparation for risk treatment. Planning the risk treatment also requires plans’ implementation. In an organization, when risk about information security